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Insolvent partnerships Print E-mail
Written by Corporate Rescue and Insolvency   
Sunday, 01 April 2012 00:00
Since the Partnership Act 1890 took effect, many changes have been made within the insolvency regime which have adapted with changes in the wider economic landscape in which partnerships and partners operate.

The Statutory Regime

The key legislation in respect of insolvent partnerships is:
  • Partnership Act 1890 – governs the relations between the partners of a business, unlimited liability and mutual agency.
  • Limited Partnerships Act 1907 – governs limited partnerships.
  • Insolvency Act 1986 (IA 1986) and the Insolvency Rules 1986 – parts apply to insolvent partnerships.
  • Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986 (CDDA 1986) – parts apply to partners.
  • Insolvent Partnerships Order 1994 (IPO 1994) – replaced the Insolvent Partnerships Order 1986 which allowed for an insolvent partnership to be wound up as an unregistered company and for creditors to take personal insolvency action against one or more of the partners; introduced two further insolvency options in the form of partnership administrations and Partnership Voluntary Arrangements (PVAs).
  • Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2000 (LLPA 2000) – created the LLP as a corporate entity with separate legal personality and limited liability for members.
  • Limited Liability Partnerships Regulations 2001 (LLPR 2001) – applied the corporate insolvency regime set out in the IA to LLPs.
  • Enterprise Act 2002 (EA 2002) – amended the IA 1986 and introduced the out of court method of appointment of administrators.
  • Insolvent Partnerships (Amendment) Order 2005 (Amendment Order) and Limited Liability Partnerships (Amendment) Regulations 2005 (Regulations) – harmonised the treatment of partnerships and LLPs with that of companies in terms of administration procedure.

Partnership Structures

There are essentially two forms of partnership structure – general and limited.
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Distress on distraint? – landlords’ options in an administration Print E-mail
Written by Corporate Rescue and Insolvency   
Sunday, 01 April 2012 00:00
Key points
  • Any insolvency will have significant implications for property rights – and none more so than an administration. Knowing the legal rules, and implementing them effectively, is critical for both landlord and insolvency practitioners (IPs) if they are to achieve the best out of a bad situation.
  • The moratorium on legal proceedings created by an administration limits some of a landlord’s options. He will need to think laterally in relation to existing arrears and consider other avenues of recovery; eg former tenants, guarantors and subtenants.
  • As for the longer term, neither landlord nor insolvency practitioner (IP) will have unfettered control over the future of the property. The IP is likely to require the landlord’s consent before he can assign the lease – although the circumstances in which he could refuse are heavily circumscribed. Conversely the landlord will need the court's permission to bring the lease to an end by forfeiture

As many commentators have been predicting for sometime, the post Christmas trading period has seen a number of retailers fall into insolvency. Among the high-profile casualties have been Past Times, Peacocks and La Senza. Moreover, the end may not be in sight. Recent analysis published by RSN Tenon in Decemberpredicted that one in eight retail companies are facing insolvency. For most major retailers, property overheads will be a major cost of the business. How these are dealt with will, therefore, be an important issue for any IP to resolve in his efforts to make a distribution for creditors.

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Winding up segregated account companies in Bermuda and the “statutory Iron Curtain” Print E-mail
Written by Corporate Rescue and Insolvency   
Sunday, 01 April 2012 00:00
Key points
  • A "Quistclose" trust can occur if monies paid to a Fund by investors have not actually been invested prior to the Fund's insolvency and the monies returned to the investors.
  • Once subscription monies are actively invested by the Fund even if no share certificates are issued, those monies will generally not be impressed with a trust and will form part of the Fund's assets.
  • The separate status of segregated accounts in a Bermuda segregated account company is to be regarded as sacrosanct save in the case of compelling equitable grounds.
A recent decision of the Supreme Court of Bermuda provides  a fascinating foretaste of what may be to come as two Bermuda funds registered under the Segregated Account Companies Act 2000 (the 2000 Act) work their way through a compulsory winding up process. The case (In the Matter of CAI Master Allocation Fund, Ltd & In the Matter of CAI Allocation Fund, Ltd [2011] SC (Bda) 45 Com) concerns a Master Fund and a Feeder Fund (the Funds) that were ordered to be wound up in late 2010 on the petition of the Bermuda Monetary Authority on the basis of “regulatory concerns”.
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Lack of direction: flaws in the Model Law Print E-mail
Written by Corporate Rescue and Insolvency   
Sunday, 01 April 2012 00:00
Key points
  • The absence of a mechanism for co-operation and communication between courts regarding the determination and application of foreign law in avoidance actions fails to implement the stated goals of the Model Law and adds  expense, delay, and uncertainty to proceedings
  • This article considers how the US courts have had to try to develop their own solutions to realise the stated goals of the Model Law with varied success. It suggests some solutions on how the US courts could approach the problem.


Introduction

The stated goals of the UNCITRAL Model Law on CrossBorder Insolvency include fostering communication and co-operation amongforeign courts. Nonetheless, the Model Lawcontains no formal mechanism for a court overseeing a non-main proceeding to communicate with or obtain determinations from the court overseeing the main proceeding with respect to the avoidance laws of that state. In the absence of such directives, US courts have been forced to develop their own solutions, which vary significantly and have, thus far, failed to fully realise the goals of the Model Law. Recent cases pending in New York and the British Virgin Islands arising from the collapse of three Madoff feeder funds highlight these limitations and the potential conflicts. One potential solution – certifying questions of law to the foreign
court – has not yet been adopted by any US court, but potentially minimises the failings of other approaches while best serving the goals of the Model Law.
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The latest reform of the Spanish insolvency law: far-reaching or shortsighted? Print E-mail
Written by Corporate Rescue and Insolvency   
Sunday, 01 April 2012 00:00
Key points
  • Law 38/2011 is a positive step but not ambitious enough.
  • A cram down mechanism has been created but will not work.
  • A quick sale of the business is made possible, which may be considered as an alternative to a pre-pack agreement.
  • Fresh money provided in refinancing or composition agreements is granted special ranking status

The Spanish insolvency system is governed by Law 22/2003  of 9 July (the Insolvency Law). The Insolvency Law revamped the previous insolvency system by establishing a single insolvency procedure applicable to all commercial and non-commercial debtors. The procedure may end with a composition agreement or with liquidation. The whole insolvency process is managed under the supervision of a judge specialised in commercial matters, including insolvency matters, who appoints an insolvency trustee.The number of insolvency proceedings dealt with by these courts has significantly increased in the current economic climate. In order to keep up with the times, the Spanishinsolvency system has recently been reformed by Law 38/2011 of 10 October (Law 38/2011), which amends Law 22/2003. Law 38/2011 entered into force on 1 January 2012.

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